Intentional over- or under-length installation to reduce operating stress.
Caution: Increases installation stress; requires stress engineer approval.
For small thermal movements (<1”), a single Z-bend or offset (two 90° bends) near the equipment nozzle reduces nozzle loads effectively. This is the most critical section of Lesson 1
This is the most critical section of Lesson 1. A pipe might survive a high stress event, but a pump or turbine will not. This is the most critical section of Lesson 1