Given the date (1999), direct C-UAS was not present. However, the manual addressed counter-observation from upper stories and rooftop snipers, a precursor to modern anti-drone tactics.
| Aspect | FM 31-28 (1999) | Current (TC 18-01 / FM 3-06) | |--------|----------------|-------------------------------| | Entry tactics | Dynamic (fast, aggressive) | Deliberate + dynamic hybrid | | Breaching | Explosive + ballistic | Robotic + explosive + thermal | | Civilians in AO | Minimal guidance | Detailed (human terrain) | | Technology | None (except comms) | Drones, biometrics, sensors | | Force protection | Basic | Advanced (C-UAS, armor) |
Useful as a historical reference and for low-tech/unconventional urban combat fundamentals, but operationally outdated for modern high-intensity urban warfare. Many core principles (angles of fire, domination of thresholds, use of vertical space) remain valid, but the absence of drone integration, modern breaching, and updated CQB safety protocols makes it insufficient as a primary training source for today’s SOF. Given the date (1999), direct C-UAS was not present
Rating: ★★★☆☆ (3/5) – Historically valuable, tactically limited for current operations.
Note: If you need a PDF copy, be aware that FM 31-28 is publicly available via archives (e.g., DTIC, Federation of American Scientists, or Army Heritage Center) but is not official current doctrine. For modern SF urban combat, refer to TC 18-01 (Special Forces Urban Combat) or ATP 3-06.20. Note: If you need a PDF copy, be
Released on December 1, 1999, FM 31-28 "Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat" (SFAUC) transitioned military doctrine toward precise, close-quarters battle, moving beyond traditional "seize and hold" strategies. The manual emphasized specialized skills—such as technical breaching, surgical marksmanship, and nighttime operations—that became crucial for 21st-century urban environments. Learn more about the training techniques outlined in the document at Special Forces Training. Doctrine - Urban Warfare Institute
Researchers face two major barriers:
Thus, this analysis relies on secondary doctrinal references and veteran interviews, not the primary source itself.