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Dogs

Cats

Small mammals (rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters)

Birds (parrots, finches)

Reptiles & amphibians

Replacing the older “Five Freedoms,” the Five Domains model assesses both physical and mental states. Optimal welfare requires positive experiences in each domain.

| Domain | Key Considerations | Signs of Good Welfare | |--------|--------------------|----------------------| | 1. Nutrition | Balanced diet, clean water, appropriate portion size, feeding routine. | Healthy weight, shiny coat, regular digestion, enthusiasm for food. | | 2. Environment | Safe shelter, appropriate temperature, space to move, hiding/resting areas. | Normal resting postures, exploration, lack of escape attempts. | | 3. Health | Preventative vet care, parasite control, dental care, prompt treatment of illness. | Clear eyes/nose, clean ears, normal breathing, mobility, absence of pain signs. | | 4. Behavior | Opportunity for species-typical activities (e.g., digging, climbing, foraging). | Playfulness, curiosity, normal sleep-wake cycles, social interaction (if social species). | | 5. Mental State | Absence of fear, frustration, boredom; presence of comfort, engagement, safety. | Relaxed body language, willingness to approach, no repetitive (stereotypic) behaviors. | petlust com farm videos hot

For pet owners:

For communities:

Global context:

Signs of poor welfare (act immediately):

When to see a vet: Any of the above + vomiting >24h, not urinating/defecating, seizure, unable to stand, sudden swelling.

What to do if you witness neglect: Document (photos, dates), contact local animal control or SPCA. Do not confront owner directly. Small mammals (rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters)