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The welfare model is the dominant model in Western law. It allows for the existence of factory farms (CAFOs) but mandates cage-free eggs, stricter slaughterhouse stunning requirements, and limits on transport times. It allows for animal testing but demands the "3 Rs" (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement).

Strengths of Welfare: It is realistic and incremental. By working within existing economic systems, welfare reforms have materially improved the lives of billions of animals. Banning gestation crates for pigs or battery cages for hens in the EU, for example, reduced massive suffering without collapsing the pork or egg industry. The welfare model is the dominant model in Western law

Weaknesses of Welfare: Critics (including many animal rights advocates) argue that welfare is a "humane washing" tactic. They claim that a "humane slaughter" is an oxymoron. You cannot humanely kill a creature that does not want to die. As philosopher Jeremy Bentham asked, the question is not "Can they reason?" or "Can they talk?" but "Can they suffer?" Welfare tries to soften suffering, but it does not eliminate the cause of the suffering—the property status of the animal. Five Domains (Modern refinement): Adds focus on positive

The philosophical shift began in 1975 with Peter Singer’s Animal Liberation. Singer, a philosopher, didn’t use the language of "rights" per se, but his argument was radical: Speciesism (discrimination based on species) is a prejudice as irrational as racism or sexism. If you wouldn’t experiment on a brain-damaged human without consent, you cannot experiment on a healthy chimpanzee. stricter slaughterhouse stunning requirements

Tom Regan followed in 1983 with The Case for Animal Rights, providing the formal rights-based framework. The 1970s and 80s saw the rise of direct action groups like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), which crossed the line from protest to property destruction (raiding laboratories, freeing minks from fur farms).

Today, the line is blurring. Mainstream organizations like the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) operate on a hybrid model: advocating for welfare reforms in the short term while promoting a rights-based abolitionist vision for the long term.